Yong Yang,  Yi Huang, Feng Gao, Lijun Yuan & Zhen Wang

Intensive Care Medicine (2020)

Dear Editor,

The unexpectedly rapid spread and fast progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) call for early screening, detection and timely monitoring by imaging modalities. Chest computed tomography (CT) has been dominantly used for COVID-19 diagnosis; however, limitations including radiation exposure, limited mobility and expensive devices may constrain its usefulness, especially during this public health emergency with defcient medical resources.

Lung ultrasonography (LUS) has been increasingly used as a reliable tool for lung disease assessment especially in intensive care medicine [1, 2]. Lesions of COVID-19 pneumonia have shown predominantly peripheral distribution [3], which makes LUS detection more suitable.

However, there is no information available to determine the diagnostic value of LUS in COVID-19 in comparison with chest CT.

In this retrospective study, patients with laboratoryconfrmed COVID-19 pneumonia (clinical classifcation: common type [4]) from two local government designated medical centers in Xi’an, China, receiving simultaneous LUS and chest CT scans (defned as exam interval≤12 h) by independent investigators were included.

To facilitate the comparison between LUS and chest CT, lungs were divided into 12 regions (Fig. 1a), and in each region, LUS features including A-lines, B-lines, consolidation and pleural efusion (PE) and CT features including ground glass opacity (GGO), consolidation and PE were evaluated. Te regional alveolar-interstitial pattern (AIP) was defned as multiple B-lines (≥3) shown within a region by LUS and as the presence of GGO pattern by CT.

Alveolar-interstitial syndrome (AIS) was defned as positive AIP regions (≥2) per side+bilateral positivity [5]. Te consolidations and PE were diagnosed as previously described [1, 5] (see detailed methods in Supplementary File).

We fnally included 29 patients (aging 55.2±16.2 years, 18 males) with 45 paired LUS+CT imaging data. In the total 540 lung regions, 340 (63%) positive regions were detected by LUS, including multiple B-lines (324 regions), consolidations (210 regions) and PE (67 hemithoraxes).

In contrast, chest CT showed 209 (38.7%) regions with abnormal fndings, including GGO (208 regions), consolidations (16 regions) and PE (14 hemithoraxes). LUS was more sensitive than chest CT in the diagnosis of regional AIP (60% vs. 38.5%, P<0.0001, by McNemar’s test), AIS (93.3% vs. 68.9%, P=0.001), consolidation (38.9% vs. 3%, P<0.0001) and PE (74.4% vs. 15.6%, P<0.0001) (detailed results are in Supplementary File).

Both LUS and CT fndings showed the lesions of COVID-19 were more likely to occur in the posterior regions of lungs with bilateral distribution.

Figure 1 shows the simultaneous LUS and chest CT fndings in a representative patient. Due to its superior capacity in tissue density resolution, LUS is highly sensitive to variations of the pulmonary content balance between air and fuids. COVID-19 pneumonia is characterized by alveolar-interstitial damage with infammatory exudation and edema, which can be clearly detected by LUS as shown in this study. The findings of this study demonstrate that LUS is more sensitive than chest CT in detecting lesions such as alveolar-interstitial disorders, consolidation and PE in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Given the sensitivity, portability and safety, LUS can be a preferable imaging modality for assisting early diagnosis and assessment of COVID-19.

Fig. 1 LUS and chest CT findings of a 42-year-old female with COVID-19.

a Lungs are divided into 12 regions.

b The upper lungs, LUS: multiple B-lines, abnormal pleural lines and consolidations (white arrow) are shown in all regions; the air bronchogram can be seen in large consolidations in L3, L5 and R5; extremely little PE (red arrow) can be seen in L3 and R5. Chest CT: patchy GGO with blurred margins in all regions; small patchy consolidations can be seen in R3 and R5; no PE is shown.

c The lower lungs, LUS: multiple B-lines and abnormal pleural lines are shown in all regions; consolidations or consolidations with air bronchogram can be seen in R2, L4, R6 and L6; extremely little PE can be seen R2, L4 and L6. Chest CT: patchy GGO with blurred margins in all regions; large patchy consolidations in L4 and L6 and large patchy consolidations with air bronchogram are shown in R6; no PE is shown. R, right; L, left; GGO, ground glass opacity; PE, pleural efusion

Author details

1. Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China.

2. Department of Ultrasound, Xi’an Chest Hospital, Xi’an 710100, China.

3. School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China.

4. Unit 96784, People’s Liberation Army, Luoyang 471399, China.

References

1. Xirouchaki N, Magkanas E, Vaporidi K et al (2011) Lung ultrasound in critically ill patients: comparison with bedside chest radiography. Intensiv Care Med 37(9):1488–1493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-011-2317-y

2. Volpicelli G, Elbarbary M, Blaivas M et al (2012) International evidencebased recommendations for point-of-care lung ultrasound. Intensiv Care Med 38(4):577–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-012-2513-4

3. Shi H, Han X, Jiang N et al (2020) Radiological fndings from 81 patients
with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis 20(4):425–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30086-4

4. National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19 (7th edition). http://www. nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202003/46c9294a7dfe4cef80dc7f5912eb1989/ fles/ce3e6945832a438eaae415350a8ce964.pdf; http://kjfy.meetingchi na.org/msite/news/show/cn/3337.html. Accessed 4 Mar 2020

5. Lichtenstein DA (2014) Lung ultrasound in the critically ill. Ann Intensiv Care 4(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/2110-5820-4-1